It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate medhā, means "intelligence" or "wisdom". "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *Mazdāh (female). In Chinese religion, Shangdi is conceived as the progenitor (first ancestor) of the universe, intrinsic to it and constantly bringing order to it.Īhura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa is the term used in Balinese Hinduism. God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God, with early references to his name as Krishna- Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic concept of God. Muslims also use a multitude of other titles for God. In Judaism some of the Hebrew titles of God are considered holy names.Īllāh ( Arabic: الله) is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic speaking Christians and Jews meaning "The God", while ʾilāh ( Arabic: إِلَٰه plural `āliha آلِهَة) is the term used for a deity or a god in general. In many English translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all.Įl is God in Hebrew, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. Consequently, the capitalized form of god is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a deity. In the English language, capitalization is used when the word is used as a proper noun, as well as for other names by which a god is known. The Germanic words for God were originally neuter-applying to both genders-but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The earliest written form of the Germanic word God comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The Mesha Stele bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite God Yahweh. God is referred to by different names depending on the language and cultural tradition with titles sometimes used referring to God's attributes. Many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.
God has also been conceived as the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Atheism is an absence of belief in any God or deity, while agnosticism deems the existence of God unknown or unknowable.
In pantheism, God is the universe itself, while in panentheism, the universe is part (but not the whole) of God. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. God has been conceived as either personal or impersonal. Some religions describe God without reference to gender, while others use terminology that is gender-specific and gender-biased. God is most often held to be incorporeal, with said characteristic being related to conceptions of transcendence or immanence. God is usually conceived of as being omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent and omnibenevolent as well as having an eternal and necessary existence. In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. Representation (for the purpose of art or worship) of God in (left to right from top) Christianity, Islam, Atenism, the Monad, Balinese Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism.
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